Filipinos pay large sums to unofficial recruitment companies, only to find themselves at the sharp end of Polish law.
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The agreement will not stem the flow of asylum seekers to European shores and could also destabilise Mauritania.
More than 63,000 died or disappeared on migration routes over past decade, with more than a third fleeing conflict.
Latest report comes amid a surge in mostly Muslim Rohingya making dangerous sea journeys in search of safety.